Yasunori Goto posted some documentation for memory hotplugging which can be used to increase or decrease the amount of memory available to a live kernel. The documentation explains that this functionality is useful for virtualization and capacity on demand solutions, as well as for physically adding and removing RAM from NUMA-nodes. The document itself, "is about memory hotplug including how-to-use and current status. Because Memory Hotplug is still under development, contents of this text will be changed often."

It goes on to explain that there are two phases of memory hotplug, the physical memory hotplug phase, and the logical memory hotplug phase. "The first phase is to communicate [the] hardware/firmware and make/erase environment for hotplugged memory. When memory is hotplugged, the kernel recognizes new memory, makes new memory management tables, and makes sysfs files for new memory's operation." The second phase "is to change memory state into available/unavailable for users. [The] amount of memory from [the] user's view is changed by this phase." Hotplugging memory requires it to be brought online or offline using the sysfs files created during the physical memory hotplug phase, though the process can be automated with udev scripts. Setting memory as offline is not guaranteed to work as it's not always possible to free memory, such as if it contains nonmigratable pages. The documentation also notes that support for physically removing memory from a node is not yet completed.

From:	Yasunori Goto [email blocked]
Subject: Re: [RFC][Doc] memory hotplug documentaion take 2.
Date:	Sat, 28 Jul 2007 12:23:56 +0900

Thanks for your comment.
Fixed patch is attached at the last of this mail.

> > +
> > +Note(1): x86_64's has special implementation for memory hotplug.
> > +         This test does not describe it.
> 
>                  text (?)

Oops. Yes.

> > +1.2. Phases of memory hotplug
> > +---------------
> > +There are 2 phases in Memory Hotplug.
> > +  1) Physical Memory Hotplug phase
> > +  2) Logical Memory Hotplug phase.
> > +
> > +The First phase is to communicate hardware/firmware and make/erase
> > +environment for hotplugged memory. Basically, this phase is necessary
> > +for the purpose (B), but this is good phase for communication between
> > +highly virtulaized environments too.
> 
>           virtualized

Yes. fixed...

> 
> > +
> > +When memory is hotplugged, the kernel recognizes new memory, makes new memory
> > +management tables, and makes sysfs files for new memory's operation.
> > +
> > +If firmware supports notification of connection of new memory to OS,
> > +this phase is triggered automatically. ACPI can notify this event. If not,
> > +"probe" operation by system administration works instead of it.
> 
>                                               is used instead.

Ah, ok.


> > +(see Section 4.).
> > +
> > +Logical Memory Hotplug phase is to change memory state into
> > +avaiable/unavailable for users. Amount of memory from user's view is
> > +changed by this phase. The kernel makes all memory in it as free pages
> > +when a memory range is into available.
> 
>                           ?? drop "into" ?
> or is a memory range always available?  Confusing.

Ok. I didn't know it was confusing. Thanks. I dropped it.

> > +In this document, this phase is described online/offline.
> 
>                                    described as online/offline.

OK.

> > +
> > +Logical Memory Hotplug phase is trigged by write of sysfs file by system
> 
>                                    triggered

Oops. yes.

> 
> > +administrator. When hot-add case, it must be executed after Physical Hotplug
> 
>                   For the hot-add case,

OK.

> 
> > +phase by hand.
> > +(However, if you writes udev's hotplug scripts for memory hotplug, these
> > + phases can be execute in seamless way.)
> > +
> > +
> > +1.3. Unit of Memory online/offline operation
> > +------------
> > +Memory hotplug uses SPARSEMEM memory model. SPARSEMEM divides the whole memory
> > +into chunks of the same size. The chunk is called a "section". The size of
> > +a section is architecture dependent. For example, power uses 16MiB, ia64 uses
> > +1GiB. The unit of online/offline operation is "one section". (see Section 3.)
> > +
> > +To know the size of sections, please read this file:
> 
>    To determine the size ...

I didn't know "determine" can be used for this sentence.
I remembered it means just "decide" due to my English 
vocabulary problem. Thanks. I changed it. :-)

> > +- For using remove memory, followings are necessary too
> 
>      To enable memory removal, the following are also necessary


Ok.

> 
> > +    Allow for memory hot remove    (CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTREMOVE)
> > +    Page Migration                 (CONFIG_MIGRATION)
> > +
> > +- For ACPI memory hotplug, followings are necessary too
> 
>                               the following are also necessary

Ok.

> > +Now, XXX is defined as start_address_of_section / secion_size.
> 
>                                                      section_size.

Yes. Thanks.

> > +
> > +For example, assume 1GiB section size. A device for a memory starts from address
> 
>                                                    for memory starting at

Ok.

> > +
> > +In general, the firmware (ACPI) which supports memory hotplug defines
> > +memory class object of _HID "PNP0C80". When a notify is asserted to PNP0C80,
> > +Linux's ACPI handler does hot-add memory to the system and calls a hotplug udev
> > +script. This will be done in automatically.
> 
>                              drop "in"

Ok.


> > +If firmware supports NUMA-node hotplug, and define object of _HID "ACPI0004",
> 
>                                                defines an object

Ok.

> 
> > +"PNP0A05", or "PNP0A06", notification is asserted to it, and ACPI hander
> 
>                                                                      handler

Ah, yes.

Thanks again!



-------
This is add a document for memory hotplug to describe "How to use" and "Current
status".


-------
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Yasunori Goto [email blocked]


 Documentation/memory-hotplug.txt |  322 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 files changed, 322 insertions(+)

Index: makedocument/Documentation/memory-hotplug.txt
===================================================================

==============
Memory Hotplug
==============

Last Updated: Jul 28 2007

This document is about memory hotplug including how-to-use and current status.
Because Memory Hotplug is still under development, contents of this text will
be changed often.

1. Introduction
  1.1 purpose of memory hotplug
  1.2. Phases of memory hotplug
  1.3. Unit of Memory online/offline operation
2. Kernel Configuration
3. sysfs files for memory hotplug
4. Physical memory hot-add phase
  4.1 Hardware(Firmware) Support
  4.2 Notify memory hot-add event by hand
5. Logical Memory hot-add phase
  5.1. State of memory
  5.2. How to online memory
6. Logical memory remove
  6.1 Memory offline and ZONE_MOVABLE
  6.2. How to offline memory
7. Physical memory remove
8. Future Work List

Note(1): x86_64's has special implementation for memory hotplug.
         This text does not describe it.
Note(2): This text assumes that sysfs is mounted at /sys.


---------------
1. Introduction
---------------

1.1 purpose of memory hotplug
------------
Memory Hotplug allows users to increase/decrease the amount of memory.
Generally, there are two purposes.

(A) For changing the amount of memory.
    This is to allow a feature like capacity on demand.
(B) For installing/removing DIMMs or NUMA-nodes physically.
    This is to exchange DIMMs/NUMA-nodes, reduce power consumption, etc.

(A) is required by highly virtualized environments and (B) is required by
hardware which supports memory power management.

Linux memory hotplug is designed for both purpose.


1.2. Phases of memory hotplug
---------------
There are 2 phases in Memory Hotplug.
  1) Physical Memory Hotplug phase
  2) Logical Memory Hotplug phase.

The First phase is to communicate hardware/firmware and make/erase
environment for hotplugged memory. Basically, this phase is necessary
for the purpose (B), but this is good phase for communication between
highly virtualized environments too.

When memory is hotplugged, the kernel recognizes new memory, makes new memory
management tables, and makes sysfs files for new memory's operation.

If firmware supports notification of connection of new memory to OS,
this phase is triggered automatically. ACPI can notify this event. If not,
"probe" operation by system administration is used instead.
(see Section 4.).

Logical Memory Hotplug phase is to change memory state into
avaiable/unavailable for users. Amount of memory from user's view is
changed by this phase. The kernel makes all memory in it as free pages
when a memory range is available.

In this document, this phase is described as online/offline.

Logical Memory Hotplug phase is triggred by write of sysfs file by system
administrator. For the hot-add case, it must be executed after Physical Hotplug
phase by hand.
(However, if you writes udev's hotplug scripts for memory hotplug, these
 phases can be execute in seamless way.)


1.3. Unit of Memory online/offline operation
------------
Memory hotplug uses SPARSEMEM memory model. SPARSEMEM divides the whole memory
into chunks of the same size. The chunk is called a "section". The size of
a section is architecture dependent. For example, power uses 16MiB, ia64 uses
1GiB. The unit of online/offline operation is "one section". (see Section 3.)

To determine the size of sections, please read this file:

/sys/devices/system/memory/block_size_bytes

This file shows the size of sections in byte.

-----------------------
2. Kernel Configuration
-----------------------
To use memory hotplug feature, kernel must be compiled with following
config options.

- For all memory hotplug
    Memory model -> Sparse Memory  (CONFIG_SPARSEMEM)
    Allow for memory hot-add       (CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTPLUG)

- To enable memory removal, the followings are also necessary
    Allow for memory hot remove    (CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTREMOVE)
    Page Migration                 (CONFIG_MIGRATION)

- For ACPI memory hotplug, the followings are also necessary
    Memory hotplug (under ACPI Support menu) (CONFIG_ACPI_HOTPLUG_MEMORY)
    This option can be kernel module.

- As a related configuration, if your box has a feature of NUMA-node hotplug
  via ACPI, then this option is necessary too.
    ACPI0004,PNP0A05 and PNP0A06 Container Driver (under ACPI Support menu)
    (CONFIG_ACPI_CONTAINER).
    This option can be kernel module too.

--------------------------------
3 sysfs files for memory hotplug
--------------------------------
All sections have their device information under /sys/devices/system/memory as

/sys/devices/system/memory/memoryXXX
(XXX is section id.)

Now, XXX is defined as start_address_of_section / section_size.

For example, assume 1GiB section size. A device for a memory starting at
0x100000000 is /sys/device/system/memory/memory4
(0x100000000 / 1Gib = 4)
This device covers address range [0x100000000 ... 0x140000000)

Under each section, you can see 3 files.

/sys/devices/system/memory/memoryXXX/phys_index
/sys/devices/system/memory/memoryXXX/phys_device
/sys/devices/system/memory/memoryXXX/state

'phys_index' : read-only and contains section id, same as XXX.
'state'      : read-write
               at read:  contains online/offline state of memory.
               at write: user can specify "online", "offline" command
'phys_device': read-only: designed to show the name of physical memory device.
               This is not well implemented now.

NOTE:
  These directories/files appear after physical memory hotplug phase.


--------------------------------
4. Physical memory hot-add phase
--------------------------------

4.1 Hardware(Firmware) Support
------------
On x86_64/ia64 platform, memory hotplug by ACPI is supported.

In general, the firmware (ACPI) which supports memory hotplug defines
memory class object of _HID "PNP0C80". When a notify is asserted to PNP0C80,
Linux's ACPI handler does hot-add memory to the system and calls a hotplug udev
script. This will be done automatically.

But scripts for memory hotplug are not contained in generic udev package(now).
You may have to write it by yourself or online/offline memory by hand.
Please see "How to online memory", "How to offline memory" in this text.

If firmware supports NUMA-node hotplug, and defines an object _HID "ACPI0004",
"PNP0A05", or "PNP0A06", notification is asserted to it, and ACPI handler
calls hotplug code for all of objects which are defined in it.
If memory device is found, memory hotplug code will be called.


4.2 Notify memory hot-add event by hand
------------
In some environments, especially virtualized environment, firmware will not
notify memory hotplug event to the kernel. For such environment, "probe"
interface is supported. This interface depends on CONFIG_ARCH_MEMORY_PROBE.

Now, CONFIG_ARCH_MEMORY_PROBE is supported only by powerpc but it does not
contain highly architecture codes. Please add config if you need "probe"
interface.

Probe interface is located at
/sys/devices/system/memory/probe

You can tell the physical address of new memory to the kernel by

% echo start_address_of_new_memory > /sys/devices/system/memory/probe

Then, [start_address_of_new_memory, start_address_of_new_memory + section_size)
memory range is hot-added. In this case, hotplug script is not called (in
current implementation). You'll have to online memory by yourself.
Please see "How to online memory" in this text.



------------------------------
5. Logical Memory hot-add phase
------------------------------

5.1. State of memory
------------
To see (online/offline) state of memory section, read 'state' file.

% cat /sys/device/system/memory/memoryXXX/state


If the memory section is online, you'll read "online".
If the memory section is offline, you'll read "offline".


5.2. How to online memory
------------
Even if the memory is hot-added, it is not at ready-to-use state.
For using newly added memory, you have to "online" the memory section.

For onlining, you have to write "online" to the section's state file as:

% echo online > /sys/devices/system/memory/memoryXXX/state

After this, section memoryXXX's state will be 'online' and the amount of
available memory will be increased.

Currently, newly added memory is added as ZONE_NORMAL (for powerpc, ZONE_DMA).
This may be changed in future.



------------------------
6. Logical memory remove
------------------------

6.1 Memory offline and ZONE_MOVABLE
------------
Memory offlining is more complicated than memory online. Because memory offline
has to make the whole memory section be unused, memory offline can fail if
the section includes memory which cannot be freed.

In general, memory offline can use 2 techniques.

(1) reclaim and free all memory in the section.
(2) migrate all pages in the section.

In the current implementation, Linux's memory offline uses method (2), freeing
all  pages in the section by page migration. But not all pages are
migratable. Under current Linux, migratable pages are anonymous pages and
page caches. For offlining a section by migration, the kernel has to guarantee
that the section contains only migratable pages.

Now, a boot option for making a section which consists of migratable pages is
supported. By specifying "kernelcore=" or "movablecore=" boot option, you can
create ZONE_MOVABLE...a zone which is just used for movable pages.
(See also Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt)

Assume the system has "TOTAL" amount of memory at boot time, this boot option
creates ZONE_MOVABLE as following.

1) When kernelcore=YYYY boot option is used,
  Size of memory not for movable pages (not for offline) is YYYY.
  Size of memory for movable pages (for offline) is TOTAL-YYYY.

2) When movablecore=ZZZZ boot option is used,
  Size of memory not for movable pages (not for offline) is TOTAL - ZZZZ.
  Size of memory for movable pages (for offline) is ZZZZ.


Note) Unfortunately, there is no information to show which section belongs
to ZONE_MOVABLE. This is TBD.


6.2. How to offline memory
------------
You can offline a section by using the same sysfs interface that was used in
memory onlining.

% echo offline > /sys/devices/system/memory/memoryXXX/state

If offline succeeds, the state of the memory section is changed to be "offline".
If it fails, some error core (like -EBUSY) will be returned by the kernel.
Even if a section does not belong to ZONE_MOVABLE, you can try to offline it.
If it doesn't contain 'unmovable' memory, you'll get success.

A section under ZONE_MOVABLE is considered to be able to be offlined easily.
But under some busy state, it may return -EBUSY. Even if a memory section
cannot be offlined due to -EBUSY, you can retry offlining it and may be able to
offline it (or not).
(For example, a page is referred to by some kernel internal call and released
 soon.)

Consideration:
Memory hotplug's design direction is to make the possibility of memory offlining
higher and to guarantee unplugging memory under any situation. But it needs
more work. Returning -EBUSY under some situation may be good because the user
can decide to retry more or not by himself. Currently, memory offlining code
does some amount of retry with 120 seconds timeout.

-------------------------
7. Physical memory remove
-------------------------
Need more implementation yet....
 - Notification completion of remove works by OS to firmware.
 - Guard from remove if not yet.

--------------
8. Future Work
--------------
  - allowing memory hot-add to ZONE_MOVABLE. maybe we need some switch like
    sysctl or new control file.
  - showing memory section and physical device relationship.
  - showing memory section and node relationship (maybe good for NUMA)
  - showing memory section is under ZONE_MOVABLE or not
  - test and make it better memory offlining.
  - support HugeTLB page migration and offlining.
  - memmap removing at memory offline.
  - physical remove memory.

-- 
Yasunori Goto 

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