Dave Chinner wrote:
quoted text
> Folks,
> 
> I think I've finally found the bug(s) that is causing XFSQA test 182
> to fail. Test 182 writes a bunch of files, then runs sync, then
> shuts the filesystem down. It then unmounts and remounts the fs and
> checks that all the files are the correct length and have the
> correct contents. i.e. that sync semantics have been correctly
> observed.
> 
> The cause of the failure is that log recovery is replaying inode
> allocation and overwriting the last inode writes that contained
> unlogged changes (i.e. the inode size update that occurs at I/O
> completion).
> 
> The problem is that we've never been able to work out why recovery
> is doing this.  What has been nagging at the back of my mind for
> quite some time is the fact that we do actually write these inodes
> to disk and that should allow the tail of the log to move forward
> past the inode allocation transaction and hence it should not be
> replayed during recovery.
> 
> A solution that has been proposed in the past (by Lachlan) is to log
> the inode size updates instead of writing the inode to disk.  In
> that case, recovery also replays the inode modification transactions
> and so we don't lose anything. It is a solution that would fix the
> problem. However, always logging inodes instead of writing unlogged
> changes has other performance implications that we'd prefer to avoid
> (i.e. the number of extra transactions it will cause).
Logging the inode every time a file size update occured increased log
traffic by about 11% for the load that test 182 generates.

Logging the inode during inode writeout if, and only if, there are
unlogged changes (ie i_update_core is set) has a negligible impact on
log traffic or performance.

I thought I understood this problem yet your description is a lot more
detailed than I expected.  I agree with you that sync is updating
everything on disk and if it wasn't for log replay messing things up
then everything would be good.  So although the inode on disk is up to
date the history of changes to that inode in the log is missing the
last changes involving file size updates.  So when the log is replayed
the inode loses the file size update.  And it's all because of the
inode cluster buffer initialisation log entry that resets the cluster
(and all the inodes in it) so even the di_flushiter hack can't save us.

The obvious solution to me was to complete the history of the inode in
the log so if replay wants to start from scratch it will make all the
necessary changes to bring the inode to a state that matches what is
on disk.  Logging unlogged changes during sync will achieve this.

Avoiding log replay altogether is even better but that solution is
only going to work if we've run sync just before our system crashes.
If we haven't run sync before our system crashes then we'll still hit
this problem with regressing inodes but if we haven't run sync there
are no guarantees, right?

quoted text
> 
> This solution also seemed to me to be papering over the real problem
> which we hadn't yet found because it did not explain why we were
> replaying an allocation that we should not need to. Hence the
> problem has gone unfixed since Lachlan first discovered it despite
> trying several times to get to the bottom of the problem.
> Now I think I finally have.
> 
> I started by instrumenting the sync code and the inode dirtying and
> writeback code to confirm the order of data, inode and sync
> operations, with a view to understanding why the tail of the log was
> not moving forwards when the inode clusters were written out during
> the sync. To start with, let's look at what do_sync() does:
> 
> 24 static void do_sync(unsigned long wait)
>  25 {
>  26         wakeup_pdflush(0);
>  27         sync_inodes(0);         /* All mappings, inodes and their blockdevs */
>  28         DQUOT_SYNC(NULL);
>  29         sync_supers();          /* Write the superblocks */
>  30         sync_filesystems(0);    /* Start syncing the filesystems */
>  31         sync_filesystems(wait); /* Waitingly sync the filesystems */
>  32         sync_inodes(wait);      /* Mappings, inodes and blockdevs, again. */
>  33         if (!wait)
>  34                 printk("Emergency Sync complete\n");
>  35         if (unlikely(laptop_mode))
>  36                 laptop_sync_completion();
>  37 }
> 
> Let's translate this into what XFS does:
> 
> 	wakeup_pdflush(0) [*]	- run a concurrent background
> 				  sync of the fs via pdflush.
> 
> 	sync_inodes(0)		- walks the superblock dirty inode
> 				  list doing an async flush of
> 				  inodes and their data.
> 
> 	sync_supers()		- writes the superblock, forces the
> 				  log to disk
> 
> 	sync_filesystems(0)	- non block filesystem sync. XFS
> 				  writes the superblock
> 
> 	sync_filesystems(1)	- XFS writes all dirty data to disk
> 				  and waits for it. Dirties the
> 				  superblock and the log. Does not
> 				  write inodes.
> 
> 	sync_inodes(1)		- walk the superblock dirty inode
> 				  list *twice*, first doing an async
> 				  flush of dirty data and inodes, secondly
> 				  doing a sync flush of remaining
> 				  dirty data and inodes.
> 
> [*] Starting pdflush to sync data in the background when we are
>     about to start flushing ourselves is self-defeating. instead of
>     having a single thread doing optimal writeout patterns, we now
>     have two threads trying to sync the same filesystems and
>     competing with each other to write out dirty inodes.  This
>     actually causes bugs in sync because pdflush is doing async
>     flushes. Hence if pdflush races and wins during the sync flush
>     part of the sync process, sync_inodes(1) will return before all
>     the data/metadata is on disk because it can't be found to be
>     waited on.
> 
> Now the sync is _supposedly_ complete. But we still have a dirty
> log and superblock thanks to delayed allocation that may have
> occurred after the sync_supers() call. Hence we can immediately
> see that we cannot *ever* do a proper sync of an XFS filesystem
> in Linux without modifying do_sync() to do more callouts.
> 
> Worse, XFS can also still have *dirty inodes* because sync_inodes(1)
> will remove inodes from the dirty list in the async pass, but they
> can get dirtied a short time later (if they had dirty data) when the
> data I/O completes. Hence if the second sync pass completes before
> the inode is dirtied again we'll miss flushing it. This will mean we
> don't write inode size updates during sync. This is the same race
> that pdflush running in the background can trigger.
> 
> Clearly this is broken, but this particular problem is an XFS bug
> and is fixed by XFS marking the inode dirty before I/O dispatch if
> the end offset of the I/O is beyond the current EOF so there is no
> window where the inode is temporarily clean. This, however, does
> not fix the race condition between the sync thread and pdflush,
> just the async-then-sync problem within the flush thread.
> 
> Back to do_sync(), the order of operations we need to reliably sync
> a journalling filesystem that uses delayed allocation and updates
> metadata on data I/O completion is effectively as follows:
> 
> 	- flush all dirty data
> 	- wait for all metadata updates caused by data flush to
> 	  complete
> 	- force unwritten async transactions to disk to unpin dirty metadata
> 	- flush all dirty metadata
> 	- write the superblock
> 
> In generic speak, this effectively requires:
> 
> 	sync_filesystems(0)	[**]
> 	sync_filesystems(1)
> 	sync_supers()
> 	sync_inodes(1)		[***]
> 	sync_supers()
> 
> [**] async flush optimisation
> [***] async flush optimisation is implemented internally to
>   sync_inodes() for sync flushes.
> 
> This leads to the following callouts and the behaviour that XFS
> would need for the callouts:
> 
> 	sync_filesystems(0)
> 		->sync_fs()		- async flush all dirty data
> 	sync_filesystems(1)
> 		->sync_fs()		- sync flush remaining dirty data
> 	sync_supers()
> 		->write_super()		- write super, force the log
> 	sync_inodes(1)		[****]
> 		sync_inodes_sb(0)	- async flush of dirty inodes
> 		sync_inodes_sb(1)	- sync flush of remaining inodes
> 	sync_supers()
> 		->write_super()		- write sb, force the log.
> 
> [****] sync_inodes() really needs to fall down to a ->sync_inodes()
> callout for the filesystem to be able to implement an optimal
> inode flushing strategy.
> 
> However, even with this order in place, test 182 still fails.
> 
> So I looked at the filesystem prior to log recovery (mount -o
> ro,norecovery) and saw that all the data is on disk, all the inode
> sizes are correct, the superblock is up to date and everything looks
> OK. That is, the sync did everything it was supposed to and the
> above order of writing out the filesystem is working correctly.
> 
> As soon as I ran recovery, though, I saw a small number of inodes
> go back to having an inode size of zero - they regress. The reason
> for this is that the log tail location (l_tail_lsn) at the end of
> the sync is was not updated on disk at the end of the sync and
> hence recovery is replaying transactions.
> 
> At this point I wondered if the log covering code was not working
> properly. I'd never really looked at it in any detail, and as soon
> as I read the description I knew that it was not working. The
> problem log covering is supposed to solve is as follows (from
> fs/xfs/xfs_log_priv.h):
> 
> 161  * These states are used to insert dummy log entries to cover
> 162  * space allocation transactions which can undo non-transactional changes
> 163  * after a crash. Writes to a file with space
> 164  * already allocated do not result in any transactions. Allocations
> 165  * might include space beyond the EOF. So if we just push the EOF a
> 166  * little, the last transaction for the file could contain the wrong
> 167  * size. If there is no file system activity, after an allocation
> 168  * transaction, and the system crashes, the allocation transaction
> 169  * will get replayed and the file will be truncated. This could
> 170  * be hours/days/... after the allocation occurred.
> 
> Immediately it is was obvious that we're seeing the above problem
> and that log covering is a method for ensuring that the state of the
> log on disk is the same as that in memory at the end of a sync.
> 
> Hence, as the last part of the sync we need to try to cover the log
> with a dummy transaction to update the real location of the log tail
> in the log. Therefore we will no longer replay the inode allocation
> transactions because the tail in the log matches the in memory state
> after the inodes have been flushed.
> 
> With the current do_sync() code, we have no callout once the inodes
> are written to issue a dummy transactions to cover the log
> correctly.  The do_sync() process needs to end with a sync_supers()
> to get the correct callout to XFS to allow this to happen. i.e.
> whenever we try to write the superblock we also should be trying to
> initiate the log covering process, and we can't do this right now.
> Once the log is covered, the recovery-overwriting-inodes problem
> goes away because recovery is not needed.
> 
> Everyone understand the problem now? ;)
> 
> <phew>
> 
> FWIW, XFS has had this log covering code since, well, forever. It
> came from Irix and it worked on Irix. I don't think that it has ever
> worked on Linux, though, because of the lack of a sync_supers() call
> at the end of do_sync(1). We've just never noticed it until we
> corrected the infamous NULL files problems in 2.6.22 which hid this
> particular cause of file size mismatches after a crash.
> 
> With a bunch of hacks in place, test 182 now passes and sync(1) on
> XFS finally does what it is supposed to.  I'm not going to post the
> hacky, full-of-garbage, debuggy patch I have that I used to discover
> this - I'll clean it up first to just have the bits needed to fix
> the problem, then post it. That'll be tomorrow....
> 
> However, I have a problem - I'm an expert in XFS, not the other tens
> of Linux filesystems so I can't begin to guess what the impact of
> changing do_sync() would be on those many filesystems. How many
> filesystems would such a change break? Indeed - how many are broken
> right now by having dirty inodes and superblocks slip through
> sync(1)?
> 
> And then the big question - how the hell does one test such change?
> 
> I can test XFS easily enough because it has shutdown ioctls that
> effectively simulate a power failure - that what test 182 uses. I
> don't think any other filesystem has such an ioctl, though, and I
> don't have the time or hardware to repeatedly crash test every
> filesystem out there to prove that a change to do_sync() doesn't
> negatively impact them.
> 
> What are the alternatives? do_sync() operates above any particular
> filesystem, so it's hard to provide a filesystem specific ->do_sync
> method to avoid changing sync order for all filesystems. Do we
> change do_sync() to completely sync a superblock at a time instead
> of doing each operation across all superblocks before moving onto
> the next operation? Is there any particular reason (e.g. performance, locking) for the current
> method that would prevent changing to completely-sync-a-superblock
> iteration algorithm so we can provide a custom ->do_sync method?
> 
> Are there any other ways that we can get a custom ->do_sync
> method for XFS? I'd prefer a custom method so we don't have to
> revalidate every linux filesystem, especially as XFS already has
> everything it needs to provide it's own sync method (used for
> freezing) and a test suite to validate it is working correctly.....
> 
> Are there any other options for solving this?
> 
> Cheers,
> 
> Dave.
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